Is Dyuktai Cave a Siberian Precursor to the Americas

Dyuktai Cave (also transliterated from the Russian as Diuktai, Duktai, Divktai or Duktai) is an early Upper Paleolithic archaeological site in eastern Siberia, which was occupied between at least 17,000-13,000 cal BP. Dyuktai is the type of the Dyuktai complex, which is thought to be in some way related to some of the Paleoarctic colonists of the North American continent. Dyuktai Cave is located along the Dyuktai River in the Aldan River drainage in Russias Yakutia region also known as the  Sakha Republic. It was discovered in 1967 by Yuri Mochanov, who conducted excavations that same year. A total of 317 square meters (3412 square feet) has been excavated exploring site deposits both inside the cave and in front of it. Site Deposits The site deposits within the cave are up to 2.3 meters (7l.5 feet) in depth; outside the caves mouth, ​the deposits reach 5.2 m (17 ft) in depth. The total length of occupation is not currently known, although it was originally thought to be 16,000-12,000 radiocarbon years before the present RCYBP (ca 19,000-14,000 calendar years BP [cal BP]) and some estimates extend it to 35,000 years BP. Archaeologist Gà ³mez Coutouly has argued that the cave was only occupied for a brief period, or rather a series of brief periods, based on its fairly sparse stone tool assemblages. There are nine stratigraphic units assigned to the cave deposits; strata 7, 8 and 9 are associated with the Dyuktai complex. Horizon A (VIIa and upper VIII) is dated between 12,000-13,000 RCYBPHorizon B (VIIb and lower unit of stratum VIII) is between 13,000-15,000 RCYBPHorizon C (stratum VIIc and stratum IX, 15,000-16,000 RCYBP Stone Assemblage at Dyuktai Cave Most of the stone artifacts at Dyuktai Cave are waste from tool production, consisting of wedge-shaped cores and a few single-platform and radially flaked cores. Other stone tools included bifaces, a wide variety of shaped burins, a few formal scrapers, knives and scrapers made on blades and flakes. Some of the blades were inserted into grooved bone hafts for use as projectiles or knives. Raw materials include a black flint, usually in flat or tabular pebbles which might be from a local source, and a white/beige flint of an unknown source. Blades range between 3-7 cm long. Dyuktai Complex Dyuktai Cave is one of several sites which have been discovered since and are now assigned to the Dyuktai Complex in Yakutia, Trans-Baikal, Kolyma, Chukoka, and Kamchatka regions of eastern Siberia. The cave is among the youngest of the Diuktai culture sites, and part of the Late or Terminal Siberian Upper Paleolithic (ca 18,000-13,000 cal BP). The cultures precise relationship with the North American continent is debated: but so is their relatedness to one another. Larichev (1992), for example, has argued that despite the variety, the similarity of artifact assemblage among the Dyuktai sites suggest the groups shared intra-regional cotraditions. Chronology The precise dating of the Dyuktai complex is still somewhat controversial. This chronology is adapted from Gà ³mez Coutouly (2016). Early (35,000-23000 RCYBP): Ezhantsy, UstMil II, Ikhine II sites. Tools include wedge-shaped subprismatic and tortoise cores, burins, scrapers, perforators, and bifaces.Middle (18,000-17,000 RCYBP): Nizhne and Verkhne-Troitskaya sites. Bifacially flaked points; dart points, pendants from pebbles, retouched blades and flakes, worked bone and ivory.Late (14,000-12,000 RCYBP): Dyuktai cave, Tumulur, maybe Berelekh, Avdeikha, and Kukhtai III, Ushki Lakes, and Maiorych. Bifacially flaked stemmed points, leaf-shaped points and fragments, bifacial knives, scrapers and sandstone abraders; stone pendants and beads of various types. Relationship to North America The relationship between the Siberian Dyuktai sites and North America is controversial. Gomez Coutouly considers them to be the Asian equivalent of the Denali complex in Alaska, and perhaps ancestral to the Nenana and Clovis complexes. Others have argued that Dyuktai is ancestral to Denali, but although the Dyuktai burins are similar to Denali burins, the Ushki Lake site is too late to be ancestral to Denali. Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to Upper Paleolithic, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Clark DW. 2001. Microblade-Culture Systematics in the Far Interior Northwest. Arctic Anthropology 38(2):64-80. Gà ³mez Coutouly YA. 2011. Identifying Pressure Flaking Modes at Diuktai Cave: A Case Study of the Siberian Upper Paleolithic Microblade Tradition. In: Goebel T, and Buvit I, editors. From the Yenisei to the Yukon : Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia. College Station, Texas: Texas AM University. p 75-90. Gà ³mez Coutouly YA. 2016. Migrations and interactions in prehistoric Beringia: the evolution of Yakutian lithic technology. Antiquity 90(349):9-31. Hanks B. 2010. Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes and Mongolia. Annual Review of Anthropology 39(1):469-486. Larichev, Vitaliy. The Upper Paleolithic of Northern Asia: Achievements, problems, and perspectives. III. Northeastern Siberia and the Russian Far East. Journal of World Prehistory, Uriy KholushkinInna Laricheva, Volume 6, Issue 4, SpingerLink, December 1992. Pitul’ko V. 2001. Terminal Pleistocene—Early Holocene occupation in northeast Asia and the Zhokhov assemblage. Quaternary Science Reviews 20(1–3):267-275. Pitulko VV, Basilyan AE, and Pavlova EY. 2014. The Berelekh Mammoth â€Å"Graveyard†: New Chronological and Stratigraphical Data from the 2009 Field Season. Geoarchaeology 29(4):277-299. Vasilev SA, Kuzmin YV, Orlova LA, and Dementiev VN. 2002. Radiocarbon-Based Chronology of the Paleolithic in Siberia and Its Relevance to the Peopling of the New World. Radiocarbon 44(2):503-530. Yi S, Clark G, Aigner JS, Bhaskar S, Dolitsky AB, Pei G, Galvin KF, Ikawa-Smith F, Kato S, Kohl PL et al. 1985. The Dyuktai Culture and New World Origins [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology 26(1):1-20.

Essay on Comparison of Judaism and Islam - 1508 Words

Comparison of Judaism and Islam Because of the history of political and religious warfare that has separated them, the underlying unity of Judaism, and Islam is seldom recognized except by scholars. Yet these two great world religions have the same origins, the same central belief in monotheism, and to a large extent the same genealogical and scriptural authorities. It is in a greater sense a tale of two sons or two brothes. It is not surprising that these religions should share a common belief of creation and patriarchy, since the roots of these two are to be found in the basin of Mesopotamia, in the â€Å"Fertile Crescent† of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. There, in the ancient civilization of Sumeria, the descent of the†¦show more content†¦Sarah orders Hagar and her son Ishmael cast out: â€Å"But God appears to Hagar as she sits a distance from the child, in despair, unable to endure watching him die. God promises to make Ishmael father of a great nation. The boy is saved. Arab nations claim descent from Ishmael.† (Chaim Potok, p.32) Similarly, God intervenes to save Sarah’s son Isaac from the sacrificial knife of Abraham in the famous test of his faith. The Hebrew people claim descent from Isaac. In this paper, I will examine the beliefs and practices of Judaism, and Islam, with the view that these two â€Å"brothers† common origins and ideas are more significant than their obvious differences. Starting with Judaism we see Abraham is regarded by his people as the first Jew, however a better case can be made for regarding Moses as the founder of Judaism. Born in roughly the 14th century B.C.E., Moses was raised in anonymity in the court of the Egyptian pharaoh Seti I, having been saved from a decree ordering the death of all new-born Hebrew males. Moses thus had an Egyptian upbringing, and the basic belief in a universal God that some say may have been related to the experimental monotheism of an earlier pharaoh, Akhenaton: â€Å"About a century before Moses, the pharaoh of an Egypt swollen with the spoils of empire envisioned a single god, one natural force at work upon the suffocating multiplicity of gods and men†¦ His name was cursed; his god wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparison of Islam to Christianity and Judaism862 Words   |  4 PagesComparison of Islam to Christianity and Judaism Comparison of Islam to Christianity and Judaism Islam has long been viewed by many in America as a fringe religion. When many Americans here the term Islam or Muslim they associate it with such groups as the Nation of Islam or the Black Muslims. However these groups and others like them often have very little in common with the true Islamic faith. 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Energy from Peanut and Pea Free Essays

Energy from Peanut and Pea Shawn lam 28/10/2011 Hypothesis I think that the peanut will release more Energy, as it is has more oil which will generate more energy. While the pea does not have as much oil as the peanut, so the pea will make less energy. Variables Independent variable: Pea, Peanut Dependent variable: Temperature Controlled variable: Beaker volume, Bunsen burner Equipment Beaker, water, Bunsen burner, pea, peanut, thermometer, toothpick (holding food), heat tile, grabber Procedure 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy from Peanut and Pea or any similar topic only for you Order Now First get equipment 2. Setup equipment 3. Put water in beaker, then grab with a grabber 4. Burn peanut/ pea with toothpick 5. Put the food under beaker 6. Record Temperature Result Table 1: Looking at the first table, the amount of water added to the beaker was 20ml. There were 4 trials for each food, except for the pea. Type of Food| Heat ( °C)| | Trial| Average| | 1| 2| 3| 4| | Peanut| 20| 35| 50| 59| 41| Pea| 8. 5| 5| 31|   | 14. 83333| Discussion This Experiment wasn’t really successful, as there weren’t 4 trials for the pea. Also some Peanuts/Pea were much bigger than other, next time I will try to choose the sizes more carefully next time. The peanut had a large range of temperature, this tells us either the thermometer is broken or the test was not conducted well. Maybe, the Pea could be changed with another food, as it frequently run out of energy in the middle of a test. Which caused the problem of recording its temprature. Next time maybe there should be better lighter, so that there wouldn’t be a problem with burning the food. There could be less people disturbing experiment, so that more results could be recorded. For example, when people talk, the sound wave blows out the fire. All of this results that the informaion, wasn’t really accurate. Conclusion As you could see the peanuts average Temperature was higher then the pea, as the pea has less oil then the peanut. The amount of oil on the Peanut is far greater, as resulting more energy released from the peanut. While on the other hand, the Pea has less oil which was shown as there was less energy. This shows that the Peanut have at least 3 times more energy then the Pea. Further study Does more oil cause more energy released? â€Å"YES† it does. More oil will help to relese more energy, this is shown as today, many cars rely on oil to run. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Peanut#Peanut_oil http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pea How to cite Energy from Peanut and Pea, Essay examples

AIDS and You Essay Example For Students

AIDS and You Essay Introduction:AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is at present asentence of slow but inevitable death.Ive already lost one friend toAIDS. I may soon lose others. My own sexual behavior and that of many ofmy friends has been profoundly altered by it. In my part of the country,one man in 10 may already be carrying the AIDS virus. While the figures maycurrently be less in much of the rest of the country,this is changingrapidly. There currently is neither a cure, nor even an effective treatment,and no vaccine either. But there are things that have been PROVEN immenselyeffective in slowing the spread of this hideously lethal disease.In thisessay I hope to present this information. History and Overview:AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Defficiency Disease. It is caused by a virus. The disease originated somewhere in Africa about 20 years ago. There itfirst appeared as a mysterious ailment afflicting primarily heterosexuals ofboth sexes. It probably was spread especially fast by primarily femaleprostitutes there. AIDS has already become a crisis of STAGGERING proportionsin parts of Africa. In Zaire, it is estimated that over twenty percent ofthe adults currently carry the virus. That figure is increasing. And whatoccurred there will, if no cure is found, most likely occur here amongheterosexual folks. AIDS was first seen as a disease of gay males in this country. This wasa result of the fact that gay males in this culture in the days before AIDShad an average of 200 to 400 new sexual contacts per year.This figure wasmuch higher than common practice among heterosexual (straight) men or women. In addition, it turned out that rectal sex was a particularly effectiveway to transmit the disease,and rectal sex is a common practice amonggay males. For these reasons, the disease spread in the gay male population ofthis country immensely more quickly than in other populations. It became to bethought of as a gay disease. Because the disease is spread primarily byexposure of ones blood to infected blood or semen, I.V. drug addicts whoshared needles also soon were identified as an affected group.As theAIDSepidemicbegantoaffect increasingly large fractions of those twopopulations (gay males and IV drug abusers), many of the rest of this societylooked on smugly, for both populations tended to be despised by themainstream of society here. But AIDS is also spread by heterosexual sex. In addition, it is spread byblood transfusions. New born babies can acquire the disease from infectedmothers during pregnancy.Gradually more and more mainstream folks got thedisease. Most recently, a member of congress died of the disease.Finally,even the national news media began to join in the task of educating thepublic to the notion that AIDS can affect everyone. Basic medical research began to provide a few bits of information, andsome help. The virus causing the disease was isolated and identified. TheAIDS virus turned out to be a very unusual sort of virus. Its genetic materialwas not DNA,but RNA. When it infected human cells, it had its RNAdirect the synthesis of viral DNA. While RNA viruses are not that uncommon,very few RNA viruses reproduce by setting up the flow of informationfrom RNA to DNA. Such reverse or retro flow of information does not occurat all in any DNA virus or any other living things. Hence, the virus wassaid to belong to the rar group of virues called Retro Viruses.Researchprovided the means to test donated blood for the presence of the antibodiesto the virus, astronomically reducing the chance of ones getting AIDS from ablood transfusion. This was one of the first real breakthroughs. The samediscoveries that allowed us to make our blood bank blood supply far safer alsoallowed us to be able to tell (in most cases) wheth er one has been exposedto the AIDS virus using a simple blood test. .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e , .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .postImageUrl , .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e , .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e:hover , .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e:visited , .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e:active { border:0!important; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e:active , .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae3d125384d9683734ec3b83572aa06e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fall Back On Fitness EssayThe Types of AIDS Infection:When the AIDS virus gets into a persons body, the results can be broken downinto three general types of situations:AIDS disease, ARC, and asymptomaticseropositive condition. The AIDS disease is characterized by having ones immune system devastatedby the AIDS virus. One is said to have the *disease* if one contractsparticular varieties (Pneumocystis, for example) of pneumonia,